diff --git a/src/music/spotify/rust-librespot.test.ts b/src/music/spotify/rust-librespot.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c155030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/music/spotify/rust-librespot.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from "vitest";
+import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
+import { PassThrough } from "node:stream";
+import pino from "pino";
+import { RustLibrespotBackend } from "./rust-librespot.js";
+
+const log = pino({ level: "silent" });
+
+/** ChildProcess stand-in with real Readable/Writable pipes so stdout->stdin piping works. */
+function makeFakeChild() {
+  const child: any = new EventEmitter();
+  child.stdout = new PassThrough();
+  child.stderr = new PassThrough();
+  child.stdin = new PassThrough();
+  child.kill = vi.fn();
+  return child;
+}
+
+function makeConnect() {
+  return {
+    getDevices: vi.fn(async () => [{ id: "dev1", name: "Test Bot", is_active: false }]),
+    findDeviceByName: vi.fn(async () => "dev1"),
+    transfer: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    play: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    pause: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    resume: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    seek: vi.fn(async () => {}),
+    getPlaybackState: vi.fn(async () => null as any),
+  };
+}
+
+function makeOAuth() {
+  return {
+    getAccessToken: vi.fn(async () => "tok-123" as string | null),
+    isAuthorized: () => true,
+  };
+}
+
+function makeHarness(over: { connect?: any; oauth?: any } = {}) {
+  const calls: string[] = [];
+  const librespotChild = makeFakeChild();
+  const ffmpegChild = makeFakeChild();
+
+  const spawn = vi.fn((cmd: string, ..._rest: any[]) => {
+    const isLibrespot = cmd.includes("librespot");
+    calls.push(`spawn:${isLibrespot ? "librespot" : cmd}`);
+    return isLibrespot ? librespotChild : ffmpegChild;
+  });
+  const mkdirSync = vi.fn();
+  const connect = over.connect ?? makeConnect();
+  const oauth = over.oauth ?? makeOAuth();
+
+  const backend = new RustLibrespotBackend({
+    deviceName: "Test Bot",
+    bitrate: 320,
+    cacheDir: "/tmp/cache",
+    oauth: oauth as any,
+    connect: connect as any,
+    logger: log,
+    deps: {
+      spawn: spawn as any,
+      mkdirSync: mkdirSync as any,
+      findBinary: () => "/bin/librespot",
+      // C1: pin ffmpeg so arg-array assertions stay stable while prod uses getFfmpegCommand().
+      ffmpegCommand: "ffmpeg",
+      sleep: async () => {},
+      readyPollIntervalMs: 1,
+      readyTimeoutMs: 100,
+      // huge so the background setInterval never fires; tests drive pollState() directly.
+      statePollIntervalMs: 10_000_000,
+    },
+  });
+
+  return { backend, calls, spawn, mkdirSync, connect, oauth, librespotChild, ffmpegChild };
+}
+
+describe("RustLibrespotBackend.start", () => {
+  it("spawns librespot with the pipe/stdout arg set and the OAuth access token", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.start();
+    expect(h.spawn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      "/bin/librespot",
+      [
+        "--name", "Test Bot",
+        "--backend", "pipe",
+        "--bitrate", "320",
+        "--format", "S16",
+        "--cache", "/tmp/cache",
+        "--device-type", "speaker",
+        "--access-token", "tok-123",
+      ],
+      expect.anything(),
+    );
+    // NO --device (=> stdout) and NO --passthrough (=> decoded PCM, not Ogg).
+    const args = h.spawn.mock.calls.find((c) => String(c[0]).includes("librespot"))![1] as string[];
+    expect(args).not.toContain("--device");
+    expect(args).not.toContain("--passthrough");
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("spawns ffmpeg (reader) before librespot (writer) with the exact 44100->48000 s16le args", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.start();
+    const ffmpegArgs = h.spawn.mock.calls.find((c) => c[0] === "ffmpeg")![1] as string[];
+    expect(ffmpegArgs).toEqual([
+      "-f", "s16le", "-ar", "44100", "-ac", "2", "-i", "pipe:0",
+      "-f", "s16le", "-ar", "48000", "-ac", "2", "-acodec", "pcm_s16le", "pipe:1",
+    ]);
+    const ffmpegIdx = h.calls.indexOf("spawn:ffmpeg");
+    const librespotIdx = h.calls.indexOf("spawn:librespot");
+    expect(ffmpegIdx).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
+    expect(librespotIdx).toBeGreaterThan(ffmpegIdx);
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("getPcmStream() returns the ffmpeg stdout Readable", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.start();
+    expect(h.backend.getPcmStream()).toBe(h.ffmpegChild.stdout);
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("emits 'ready' and reports isReady() true once our device appears in getDevices()", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    const ready = vi.fn();
+    h.backend.on("ready", ready);
+    await h.backend.start();
+    expect(h.connect.getDevices).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(ready).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(h.backend.isReady()).toBe(true);
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("keeps polling getDevices() until the device name appears", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    h.connect.getDevices
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce([])
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce([{ id: "other", name: "Someone else", is_active: true }])
+      .mockResolvedValue([{ id: "dev1", name: "Test Bot", is_active: false }]);
+    await h.backend.start();
+    expect(h.connect.getDevices).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);
+    expect(h.backend.isReady()).toBe(true);
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("throws (and does not spawn) when the OAuth token is null", async () => {
+    const oauth = makeOAuth();
+    oauth.getAccessToken.mockResolvedValue(null);
+    const h = makeHarness({ oauth });
+    await expect(h.backend.start()).rejects.toThrow(/authorized|token/i);
+    expect(h.spawn).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("RustLibrespotBackend transport delegation (Connect API)", () => {
+  it("playTrack resolves the device then transfer(false) then play(uri)", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.playTrack("spotify:track:go");
+    expect(h.connect.findDeviceByName).toHaveBeenCalledWith("Test Bot");
+    expect(h.connect.transfer).toHaveBeenCalledWith("dev1", false);
+    expect(h.connect.play).toHaveBeenCalledWith("dev1", "spotify:track:go");
+    // ordering: transfer before play
+    expect(h.connect.transfer.mock.invocationCallOrder[0])
+      .toBeLessThan(h.connect.play.mock.invocationCallOrder[0]);
+  });
+
+  it("playTrack throws when the device cannot be found", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    h.connect.findDeviceByName.mockResolvedValue(null);
+    await expect(h.backend.playTrack("spotify:track:x")).rejects.toThrow(/device/i);
+  });
+
+  it("pause/resume/seek delegate to the Connect API and seek updates position", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.pause();
+    await h.backend.resume();
+    await h.backend.seek(5000);
+    expect(h.connect.pause).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(h.connect.resume).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(h.connect.seek).toHaveBeenCalledWith(5000);
+    expect(h.backend.getPositionMs()).toBe(5000);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("RustLibrespotBackend track-end poll loop", () => {
+  it("emits trackEnded when progress reaches the end-of-track window", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    const ended = vi.fn();
+    const meta = vi.fn();
+    h.backend.on("trackEnded", ended);
+    h.backend.on("metadata", meta);
+    h.connect.getPlaybackState
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ isPlaying: true, progressMs: 1000, trackUri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ isPlaying: true, progressMs: 199000, trackUri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 });
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    expect(meta).toHaveBeenCalledWith(expect.objectContaining({ uri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 }));
+    expect(h.backend.getPositionMs()).toBe(1000);
+    expect(ended).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    expect(ended).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ uri: "spotify:track:A", reason: "ended" });
+  });
+
+  it("emits trackEnded once when playback stops (!isPlaying) after having played", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    const ended = vi.fn();
+    h.backend.on("trackEnded", ended);
+    h.connect.getPlaybackState
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ isPlaying: true, progressMs: 5000, trackUri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ isPlaying: false, progressMs: 5000, trackUri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 })
+      .mockResolvedValue({ isPlaying: false, progressMs: 5000, trackUri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 });
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState(); // idempotent: no second emit for same track
+    expect(ended).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(ended).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ uri: "spotify:track:A", reason: "ended" });
+  });
+
+  it("emits trackEnded when the track uri transitions to null after playing", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    const ended = vi.fn();
+    h.backend.on("trackEnded", ended);
+    h.connect.getPlaybackState
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ isPlaying: true, progressMs: 1000, trackUri: "spotify:track:A", durationMs: 200000 })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ isPlaying: true, progressMs: 0, trackUri: null, durationMs: 0 });
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    expect(ended).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ uri: "spotify:track:A", reason: "ended" });
+  });
+
+  it("ignores a null playback state (no active device) without emitting", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    const ended = vi.fn();
+    h.backend.on("trackEnded", ended);
+    h.connect.getPlaybackState.mockResolvedValue(null);
+    await (h.backend as any).pollState();
+    expect(ended).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});
+
+describe("RustLibrespotBackend.stop", () => {
+  it("kills librespot + ffmpeg, clears ready, and is idempotent", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.start();
+    h.backend.stop();
+    h.backend.stop(); // second call must not throw
+    expect(h.librespotChild.kill).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(h.ffmpegChild.kill).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(h.backend.isReady()).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("RustLibrespotBackend.start failure cleanup", () => {
+  it("tears down librespot + ffmpeg when the device never appears", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    h.connect.getDevices.mockResolvedValue([]); // device never shows up -> waitForDevice times out
+    await expect(h.backend.start()).rejects.toThrow(/did not appear/i);
+    expect(h.librespotChild.kill).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(h.ffmpegChild.kill).toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(h.backend.isReady()).toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("RustLibrespotBackend child-process error handling", () => {
+  it("swallows+logs a child 'error' when no backend 'error' listener is attached", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.start();
+    expect(h.backend.listenerCount("error")).toBe(0);
+    expect(() => h.librespotChild.emit("error", new Error("boom"))).not.toThrow();
+    expect(() => h.ffmpegChild.emit("error", new Error("boom"))).not.toThrow();
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("re-emits a child 'error' to an attached backend 'error' listener", async () => {
+    const h = makeHarness();
+    await h.backend.start();
+    const onErr = vi.fn();
+    h.backend.on("error", onErr);
+    const err = new Error("ffmpeg boom");
+    h.ffmpegChild.emit("error", err);
+    expect(onErr).toHaveBeenCalledWith(err);
+    h.backend.stop();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/music/spotify/rust-librespot.ts b/src/music/spotify/rust-librespot.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abbb544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/music/spotify/rust-librespot.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
+import type { Readable } from "node:stream";
+import type { ChildProcess } from "node:child_process";
+import { spawn as realSpawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { mkdirSync as realMkdirSync } from "node:fs";
+import type { Logger } from "pino";
+import type {
+  SpotifyAudioBackend,
+  SpotifyTrackEndedEvent,
+  SpotifyNowPlaying,
+} from "./backend.js";
+import { findLibrespot } from "./binary.js";
+import { SpotifyConnectApi } from "./connect-api.js";
+import type { PlaybackState, SpotifyDevice } from "./connect-api.js";
+import type { SpotifyOAuth } from "./spotify-oauth.js";
+import { getFfmpegCommand } from "../../audio/player.js";
+
+export interface RustLibrespotBackendOptions {
+  deviceName: string;
+  bitrate: number;
+  cacheDir: string;
+  oauth: SpotifyOAuth;
+  connect?: SpotifyConnectApi;
+  logger: Logger;
+  deps?: RustLibrespotBackendDeps;
+}
+
+/** Injectable seams so the whole lifecycle is testable without a real binary/network. */
+export interface RustLibrespotBackendDeps {
+  spawn?: typeof realSpawn;
+  mkdirSync?: typeof realMkdirSync;
+  findBinary?: () => string;
+  /**
+   * C1: override the ffmpeg command. Production resolves it via
+   * getFfmpegCommand() (bundled ffmpeg-static fallback when `ffmpeg` isn't on
+   * PATH); tests pin it to "ffmpeg" for stable arg assertions.
+   */
+  ffmpegCommand?: string;
+  sleep?: (ms: number) => Promise<void>;
+  readyPollIntervalMs?: number;
+  readyTimeoutMs?: number;
+  statePollIntervalMs?: number;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_READY_POLL_MS = 500;
+const DEFAULT_READY_TIMEOUT_MS = 20_000;
+const DEFAULT_STATE_POLL_MS = 2_000;
+/** How close to the end (ms) counts as "track finished" when polling player state. */
+const END_OF_TRACK_WINDOW_MS = 1_500;
+
+const defaultSleep = (ms: number) => new Promise<void>((r) => setTimeout(r, ms));
+
+export class RustLibrespotBackend extends EventEmitter implements SpotifyAudioBackend {
+  private readonly opts: RustLibrespotBackendOptions;
+  private readonly log: Logger;
+  private readonly deps: RustLibrespotBackendDeps;
+  private readonly oauth: SpotifyOAuth;
+  private readonly connect: SpotifyConnectApi;
+
+  private proc: ChildProcess | null = null;
+  private ffmpeg: ChildProcess | null = null;
+  private pollTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
+  private ready = false;
+  private positionMs = 0;
+
+  // track-end poll state machine
+  private currentUri: string | null = null;
+  private hasPlayed = false;
+  private endedForCurrent = false;
+
+  constructor(o: RustLibrespotBackendOptions) {
+    super();
+    this.opts = o;
+    this.log = o.logger;
+    this.deps = o.deps ?? {};
+    this.oauth = o.oauth;
+    // The Connect API shares the backend's OAuth token source. Reuse the
+    // injected instance in tests; otherwise build one over oauth.getAccessToken().
+    this.connect = o.connect ?? new SpotifyConnectApi(() => this.oauth.getAccessToken());
+  }
+
+  async start(): Promise<void> {
+    const spawn = this.deps.spawn ?? realSpawn;
+    const mkdirSync = this.deps.mkdirSync ?? realMkdirSync;
+    const findBinary = this.deps.findBinary ?? findLibrespot;
+    // C1: resolve ffmpeg via getFfmpegCommand() unless injected for tests.
+    const ffmpegCommand = this.deps.ffmpegCommand ?? getFfmpegCommand();
+
+    // A valid USER control token is required before we spawn anything.
+    const token = await this.oauth.getAccessToken();
+    if (!token) {
+      throw new Error("Spotify not authorized (no access token) — sign in first");
+    }
+
+    mkdirSync(this.opts.cacheDir, { recursive: true });
+
+    // Everything past here spawns children / opens the state poll. On any
+    // failure (e.g. the device never appears), tear it all down via stop().
+    try {
+      // 1. Spawn ffmpeg FIRST (the reader) so its stdin pipe is ready before
+      //    librespot starts pushing raw 44.1k s16le PCM into it.
+      this.ffmpeg = spawn(
+        ffmpegCommand,
+        [
+          "-f", "s16le", "-ar", "44100", "-ac", "2", "-i", "pipe:0",
+          "-f", "s16le", "-ar", "48000", "-ac", "2", "-acodec", "pcm_s16le", "pipe:1",
+        ],
+        { stdio: ["pipe", "pipe", "pipe"] },
+      );
+      this.ffmpeg.stderr?.on("data", (b: Buffer) =>
+        this.log.debug({ ffmpeg: b.toString().trim() }, "ffmpeg"),
+      );
+      this.ffmpeg.on("error", (err) => this.emitError(err));
+
+      // 2. Spawn librespot: --backend pipe with NO --device => raw s16le/44100/2
+      //    on stdout, NO --passthrough (that would emit raw Ogg). --access-token
+      //    authenticates it as a Connect device controllable via the Web API.
+      const bin = findBinary();
+      this.proc = spawn(
+        bin,
+        [
+          "--name", this.opts.deviceName,
+          "--backend", "pipe",
+          "--bitrate", String(this.opts.bitrate),
+          "--format", "S16",
+          "--cache", this.opts.cacheDir,
+          "--device-type", "speaker",
+          "--access-token", token,
+        ],
+        { stdio: ["ignore", "pipe", "pipe"] },
+      );
+      // stdout carries PCM — pipe it, never attach a data listener that consumes it.
+      if (this.proc.stdout && this.ffmpeg.stdin) {
+        this.proc.stdout.pipe(this.ffmpeg.stdin);
+      }
+      this.proc.stderr?.on("data", (b: Buffer) =>
+        this.log.info({ librespot: b.toString().trim() }, "librespot"),
+      );
+      this.proc.on("error", (err) => this.emitError(err));
+      this.proc.on("exit", (code, signal) => {
+        this.ready = false;
+        this.log.warn({ code, signal }, "librespot exited");
+      });
+
+      // 3. Poll the Connect device list until our device registers.
+      await this.waitForDevice();
+
+      // 4. Begin the player-state poll loop (track-end / position / metadata).
+      this.startPollLoop();
+
+      this.ready = true;
+      this.emit("ready");
+    } catch (e) {
+      this.stop();
+      throw e;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Re-emit a child "error" only when a consumer is listening; Node throws on an
+   * unhandled "error" event, so with no listener we log via the injected logger.
+   */
+  private emitError(err: unknown): void {
+    if (this.listenerCount("error") > 0) {
+      this.emit("error", err);
+    } else {
+      this.log.error({ err }, "rust-librespot backend error (no listener)");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async waitForDevice(): Promise<void> {
+    const sleep = this.deps.sleep ?? defaultSleep;
+    const interval = this.deps.readyPollIntervalMs ?? DEFAULT_READY_POLL_MS;
+    const timeout = this.deps.readyTimeoutMs ?? DEFAULT_READY_TIMEOUT_MS;
+    const deadline = Date.now() + timeout;
+    while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+      let devices: SpotifyDevice[] = [];
+      try {
+        devices = await this.connect.getDevices();
+      } catch (err) {
+        this.log.debug({ err }, "getDevices failed during readiness poll");
+      }
+      if (devices.some((d) => d.name === this.opts.deviceName)) return;
+      await sleep(interval);
+    }
+    throw new Error(`librespot device "${this.opts.deviceName}" did not appear within timeout`);
+  }
+
+  private startPollLoop(): void {
+    const interval = this.deps.statePollIntervalMs ?? DEFAULT_STATE_POLL_MS;
+    this.pollTimer = setInterval(() => {
+      void this.pollState();
+    }, interval);
+    // Don't keep the event loop / test process alive on account of the poll timer.
+    this.pollTimer.unref?.();
+  }
+
+  /** One player-state poll iteration: updates position/metadata and detects track end. */
+  private async pollState(): Promise<void> {
+    let state: PlaybackState | null;
+    try {
+      state = await this.connect.getPlaybackState();
+    } catch (err) {
+      this.log.debug({ err }, "getPlaybackState failed");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (!state) {
+      // C3.5: a 204 / no-active-device response. AFTER our own track has been
+      // seen playing, librespot going idle means the track ended — emit once so
+      // the queue advances instead of stalling. BEFORE any play (hasPlayed
+      // false), a null state is just "nothing active yet" and is ignored.
+      if (this.hasPlayed && this.currentUri && !this.endedForCurrent) {
+        this.endedForCurrent = true;
+        const endedUri = this.currentUri;
+        this.currentUri = null;
+        const e: SpotifyTrackEndedEvent = { uri: endedUri, reason: "ended" };
+        this.emit("trackEnded", e);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.positionMs = state.progressMs;
+
+    // Track change -> reset the end-detection state and surface best-effort metadata.
+    if (state.trackUri && state.trackUri !== this.currentUri) {
+      this.currentUri = state.trackUri;
+      this.hasPlayed = false;
+      this.endedForCurrent = false;
+      const np: SpotifyNowPlaying = {
+        uri: state.trackUri,
+        name: "",
+        artist: "",
+        album: "",
+        coverUrl: "",
+        durationMs: state.durationMs,
+      };
+      this.emit("metadata", np);
+    }
+
+    if (state.isPlaying) this.hasPlayed = true;
+    if (!this.currentUri || this.endedForCurrent) return;
+
+    // C3.4: EVERY end condition is gated on hasPlayed so no end can fire until
+    // the bot's own track has actually been observed playing. Without this, the
+    // first poll (before playTrack) could observe the account's stale/paused
+    // track sitting near its end and spuriously emit "trackEnded".
+    const finishedByProgress =
+      this.hasPlayed &&
+      state.durationMs > 0 &&
+      state.progressMs >= state.durationMs - END_OF_TRACK_WINDOW_MS;
+    const finishedByStop = this.hasPlayed && !state.isPlaying;
+    const finishedByNull = this.hasPlayed && state.trackUri === null;
+
+    if (finishedByProgress || finishedByStop || finishedByNull) {
+      this.endedForCurrent = true; // latch: emit at most once per track
+      const endedUri = this.currentUri;
+      this.currentUri = null;
+      const e: SpotifyTrackEndedEvent = { uri: endedUri, reason: "ended" };
+      this.emit("trackEnded", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  isReady(): boolean {
+    return this.ready;
+  }
+
+  async playTrack(uri: string): Promise<void> {
+    const deviceId = await this.connect.findDeviceByName(this.opts.deviceName);
+    if (!deviceId) throw new Error(`Connect device "${this.opts.deviceName}" not found`);
+    // Reset the track-end state machine for the new track: clear the once-only
+    // latch and drop hasPlayed so no end can fire until a poll re-confirms this
+    // uri playing. currentUri is cleared so the next poll re-detects the track
+    // (fresh metadata) rather than treating it as unchanged.
+    this.currentUri = null;
+    this.hasPlayed = false;
+    this.endedForCurrent = false;
+    // transfer(false) activates our device WITHOUT starting audio; play() then
+    // actually starts the uri. The two-step is required — transfer alone won't
+    // begin playback.
+    await this.connect.transfer(deviceId, false);
+    await this.connect.play(deviceId, uri);
+  }
+
+  async pause(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.connect.pause();
+  }
+
+  async resume(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.connect.resume();
+  }
+
+  async seek(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+    await this.connect.seek(ms);
+    this.positionMs = ms;
+  }
+
+  getPcmStream(): Readable {
+    const out = this.ffmpeg?.stdout;
+    if (!out) throw new Error("PCM stream unavailable (rust-librespot backend not started)");
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  getPositionMs(): number {
+    return this.positionMs;
+  }
+
+  stop(): void {
+    this.ready = false;
+    // Clear the state poll interval FIRST so no poll fires mid-teardown.
+    if (this.pollTimer) {
+      clearInterval(this.pollTimer);
+      this.pollTimer = null;
+    }
+    if (this.proc) {
+      try {
+        this.proc.kill();
+      } catch {
+        /* ignore */
+      }
+      this.proc = null;
+    }
+    if (this.ffmpeg) {
+      try {
+        this.ffmpeg.kill();
+      } catch {
+        /* ignore */
+      }
+      this.ffmpeg = null;
+    }
+  }
+}