diff --git a/src/web/middleware/requireAuth.ts b/src/web/middleware/requireAuth.ts
index 131235f..9a74f55 100644
--- a/src/web/middleware/requireAuth.ts
+++ b/src/web/middleware/requireAuth.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,13 @@ import {
 
 declare module "express-serve-static-core" {
   interface Request {
-    user?: { id: string; username: string; role: "admin" | "member" };
+    user?: {
+      id: string;
+      username: string;
+      role: "admin" | "member";
+      capabilities?: Set<string>;
+      bots?: "all" | Set<string>;
+    };
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/web/middleware/requirePermission.test.ts b/src/web/middleware/requirePermission.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8bead8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/web/middleware/requirePermission.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
+import express from "express";
+import request from "supertest";
+import { requirePermission, requireBotAccess } from "./requirePermission.js";
+
+function appWith(user: any) {
+  const app = express();
+  app.use((req, _res, next) => { (req as any).user = user; next(); });
+  app.post("/cap", requirePermission("quality"), (_req, res) => res.json({ ok: true }));
+  app.post("/bot/:botId", requireBotAccess("botId"), (_req, res) => res.json({ ok: true }));
+  return app;
+}
+
+const member = (caps: string[], bots: "all" | string[]) => ({
+  id: "u1", username: "a", role: "member",
+  capabilities: new Set(caps), bots: bots === "all" ? "all" : new Set(bots),
+});
+const admin = { id: "a", username: "admin", role: "admin", capabilities: new Set(), bots: "all" };
+
+describe("requirePermission", () => {
+  it("401 when unauthenticated", async () => {
+    const app = express();
+    app.post("/cap", requirePermission("quality"), (_r, res) => res.json({ ok: true }));
+    expect((await request(app).post("/cap")).status).toBe(401);
+  });
+  it("403 when member lacks the capability", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(member([], "all"))).post("/cap")).status).toBe(403);
+  });
+  it("200 when member has the capability", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(member(["quality"], "all"))).post("/cap")).status).toBe(200);
+  });
+  it("200 for admin regardless of capabilities", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(admin)).post("/cap")).status).toBe(200);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("requireBotAccess", () => {
+  it("200 when bots = all", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(member([], "all"))).post("/bot/b1")).status).toBe(200);
+  });
+  it("200 when botId in allow-list", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(member([], ["b1"]))).post("/bot/b1")).status).toBe(200);
+  });
+  it("403 when botId not in allow-list", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(member([], ["b2"]))).post("/bot/b1")).status).toBe(403);
+  });
+  it("200 for admin", async () => {
+    expect((await request(appWith(admin)).post("/bot/b1")).status).toBe(200);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/web/middleware/requirePermission.ts b/src/web/middleware/requirePermission.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5adfeb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/web/middleware/requirePermission.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import type { Request, Response, NextFunction, RequestHandler } from "express";
+
+export function requirePermission(capability: string): RequestHandler {
+  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
+    if (!req.user) { res.status(401).json({ error: "unauthenticated" }); return; }
+    if (req.user.role === "admin" || req.user.capabilities?.has(capability)) { next(); return; }
+    res.status(403).json({ error: "forbidden" });
+  };
+}
+
+export function requireBotAccess(paramName = "botId"): RequestHandler {
+  return (req: Request, res: Response, next: NextFunction) => {
+    if (!req.user) { res.status(401).json({ error: "unauthenticated" }); return; }
+    if (req.user.role === "admin" || req.user.bots === "all") { next(); return; }
+    const botId = req.params[paramName];
+    if (typeof botId === "string" && req.user.bots instanceof Set && req.user.bots.has(botId)) { next(); return; }
+    res.status(403).json({ error: "forbidden" });
+  };
+}